FFTOS Information For Parents

FFTOS Information For ParentsWhile many people think that the Ferguson city school system is one of the worst in Missouri, a number of high-profile districts are not far behind. Ferguson Tutoring Services offers tutoring in many areas of educational expertise. Some of their activities include grade-prep, accelerated English, and math tutoring. The FFTOS, Inc. is an organization of private tutors that hold regular events throughout the year.However, FFTOS tutoring centers aren't all-male. There are now a number of FFTO centers that cater to students of all genders. Some of these centers will have male tutors onsite or those who work from home. It's important for parents to be aware of this information before they sign up for tutoring services.The FFTOS provides tutoring for students in grades three through six, but there are some exceptions. A student under the age of seven is not allowed to be in a tutoring program at any time. For those students who are in their teens, they are only permitted to be in the center from Monday through Friday. Youth programs are also held during the week.Many parents do not realize that the FFTOS does not only work with elementary students. They can work with students in any grade level. The center works with both children of the same sex and those who are different sexes. The center may also work with children of a variety of ages, including preschoolers and kindergarteners.In addition to tutoring FFTOS tutors help students in English, math, history, science, and technology, among other subjects. They can also help students prepare for their SAT or ACT tests. It is important for parents to check with the tutoring center before selecting an instructor. This is so they know what they are getting into before they agree to provide their child with tutoring.Many parents pay tutoring centers like FFTOS for their services. However, if the student has not met the required grade level, he or she cannot receive tutoring from the center. As a result, many parents rely on reading their child's progress report and assessing the amount of progress that was made. If parents are unsure of how much progress their child has made, they should check to see if the student has been tested or if an assessment form has been completed by an adult.Students are able to use FFTOS tutoring services from home. If the student is traveling, it is important for parents to make sure that the student has a computer and Internet access. The FFTOS provides students with complete instructions about using the Internet and a variety of programs, including flash cards, flash card software, and multimedia flash cards. Most students who use the Internet and computer find them to be helpful.While FFTOS tutoring services can help make students more successful, it is important that parents fully understand what they are getting into before they agree to enroll their child in a tutoring service. It is equally important for parents to understand the expe ctations of the center before enrolling their child. For example, tutoring centers should not use English as a Second Language (ESL) as a way to meet students' needs. This is a serious topic and there should be no questions raised about whether the student needs ESL tutoring.

What Is NO3 in Chemistry?

What Is NO3 in Chemistry?So what is NO3 in Chemistry? The answer is actually quite simple: it is a fairly new product for the students in the science syllabus. This product was introduced to the science syllabus by one of the leading professors of that field, Dr. Bob Witte.The interesting thing about this product is that it allows you to follow along with the chemistry textbook even if you don't know anything about the subject. It will not hinder your learning process, but rather, will help you in comprehending the chemical reactions that you are going to encounter in the course. NO3 in Chemistry, being the name of the product, is definitely a product worth investing in. It will allow you to get into chemistry without having to read the textbook for hours on end.To explain NO3 in Chemistry in a little more detail, it basically refers to a series of websites that have been set up by the company. It is essentially a set of easy to understand materials that can be used for the purpose o f understanding the chemistry from different angles.As you can imagine, students in the chemistry course are exposed to a lot of complex phenomena. You wouldn't expect a few clicks of your mouse to explain each and every part of the subject. However, with the no in chemistry you would be able to obtain all the information you need from a single website. This is very important for the chemistry classroom where you need to provide your students with plenty of stimuli for absorbing the required information.In short, no in chemistry is an instructional tool that you can simply place on your monitor or DVD player and view at any time, day or night. With this in mind, you can literally keep yourself occupied for hours on end with no effort on your part.The content varies according to the areas you need to work on, but the overall message remains the same. What's more, you can download them to your mobile device as well.Keep this in mind, in the event that you are a chemistry student, you must seriously consider investing in no in chemistry. Not only is it beneficial for the chemistry syllabus, but it will also help in improving your knowledge in the subject.

How To Improve Your Med School Application

How To Improve Your Med School Application The list of factors to determine if you will be accepted into a certain medical school can go from your MCAT scores/undergrad GPA all the way down to your hometown. But, the objective factors such as MCATscore, GPA, courses taken, etc., are fairly easy to measure and compare to other students. Other subjective factors like interview score, research/work experience, etc are much more difficult to compare but can still impact your outcome. So, here is what you need to get into the top med schools: GPA: Most med schools want to see at least a 3.5 GPA. Your GPA can be a fairly objective measurement; however, many undergrad schools are known for grade inflation, and med school admissions officers know which ones are. So, a 3.7 at Ohio State University is not necessarily comparable to a 3.7 at Yale University. Curriculum: Most med schools (not just the top schools) require at least one year of the following courses: General biology Physics with lab General chemistry(inorganic chemistry) with lab Organic chemistry with lab Calculus English MCAT: This is the most objective factor in your med school admissions process because every students test is weighted/scored the same, making scores easily comparable. Your MCAT score very well could be the most important factor. Average 2011 MCAT scores for the top 10 med schools, as ranked by the US News World Report: Note: These are not total scores, but rather the average of the three-multiple choice scores. 1. Harvard University: 11.9 2. University of Pennsylvania: 11.6 3. Johns Hopkins University: 11.8 4.Washington University in St. Louis: 12.5 5. Duke University: 11.5 5. Stanford University: 11.6 5. University of CaliforniaSan Francisco: 11.4 5. Yale University: 11.3 9. University of Washington: 10.5 10. Columbia University: 11.8 Top 10 med schools with strictest MCAT requirements 1. Washington University in St. Louis: 12.5 2. Harvard University: 11.9 3.University of CaliforniaLos Angeles: 11.9 4. Columbia University: 11.8 5. Johns Hopkins University: 11.8 6. Brown Medical School: 11.7 7. University of Michigan: 11.7 8. Baylor College of Medicine: 11.6 9. Stanford University: 11.6 10. University of Chicago: 11.6 -MCAT scores according to the Medical and Societal Journal of a Vitreo-Retinal Surgeon. In-state vs Out-of-state: Your chances may be better at in-state schools. Many of the public med schools (including the top schools) are more lenient toward in-state students; however, not all of them are. This leniency is not nearly as strong in private schools as it is in public schools. Research: This would quality as a subjective factor; however, any student can still create a strong research project. Having research to show can only help your chances, but it is optional. Its best to start your research project early and work with a trusted faculty advisor. Be prepared to discuss and defend your findings in a future interview. Learn how talentedMCAT tutorsare able to help you improve your chances of acceptance into a top med school. StudentDoc.com created a med school admissions calculator. All you have to do is enter your MCAT scores, GPA and primary residence, and it will give you an idea of what schools you will be accepted into in your area. See the med school calculator here.

Lets Learn How to Play the Cittern.

Let’s Learn How to Play the Cittern. What You Need to Know Before Learning to Play the Cittern. ChaptersWhat is the Cittern?Some Famous Cittern Performers.How to Play the Cittern.Where to Find Cittern Lessons.We imagine that the world is split into two types of people: those who have never heard of the cittern, and those who desperately want to get their hands on this musical instrument and get playing.Considering that you have found yourself here, we are guessing that you belong in the second category â€" although you might not put it in those terms. And our project here is to have you fulfil your desire: to get you playing this stringed instrument and taking its music to everyone in that first category.And we’ll admit it. Out of all the musical instruments that you can possibly learn in the world, the cittern is up there with the mandolin or the harpsichord as one of more obscure stringed instruments. It’s not exactly like the modern guitar, is it, or violins, for which you can find lessons and training on pretty much every corner of every street.No, it isn’t. If you wa nt to learn to play the cittern, you have to make a bit more of an effort. You need to find out how to tune it, what notes the strings are supposed to be â€" and then find the correct strumming or plucking technique, and all the pieces in the repertoire that you’ll want to play.You’ll never take for granted how easy it is to learn the guitar ever again.So, here, we’re going to give you all the information that you might need before you sit down and start learning the cittern: a bit of the instrument’s history, some famous citternists you need to know, and some basic techniques.And we’ll finish off by pointing you in the direction of some cittern teachers â€" to make your life a bit easier. Why not learn the cittern? (image from Magills) PeterGuitar Teacher £12/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors EdgarGuitar Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors PaulGuitar Teacher 5.00 (12) £18/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors DanielGuitar Teacher 5.00 (3) £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ToddGuitar Teacher 4.75 (4) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SamueleGuitar Teacher 5.00 (5) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors KurtGuitar Teacher 5.00 (3) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors RyanGuitar Teacher £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsWhat is the Cittern?If you have read our article on learning to play the mandolin, you may well think that this instrument known as the cittern is really just another of the family of mandolins.In fact, many of its features are very similar: it often has eight strings arranged into four two-string courses â€" although it can often have six courses too â€", it h as a box-shaped body and resonator, and it is strung with metal strings. However, where with a mandolin you use a plectrum, on the cittern you primarily just use your fingers.Meanwhile, whilst mandolins are reasonably widespread as instruments, citterns are not so much. And, importantly, they only come in one shape. There are not all these differences between flat-backed and bowl-shaped citterns that you find in mandolins. Citterns are flat-backed â€" making them easier and cheaper to make.However, the primary difference between the cittern and the mandolin is in their history. They are two distinct instruments with two distinct trajectories. But, given their history â€" and the fact that the cittern is a primarily historical instrument â€" all of these terms tend to become a little confused.And so, despite the cittern’s history, it can often be very similar â€" and often confused â€" with a mandolin, a mandola, or even a bouzouki.A Brief History of the Cittern.The cittern comes f rom the family of lutes and it was popular across Europe in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. It is generally thought to have developed from the earlier instrument, the citole, which is considered to be the ancestor of the modern-day fiddle.Whilst most string instruments during the Renaissance used gut strings, the cittern made use of metal, which were placed over a fretted neck and what is known as a ‘pear-shaped body’ â€" as opposed to the contemporary guitar’s double-shouldered shape.Just as the guitar is now, the cittern was a popular instrument, with popular in the sense of it being an instrument of the people rather than, say, of the aristocracy. There are even references to citterns being in barber shop waiting rooms, so that people could play as they waited.However, by the end of the eighteenth century, the guitar had started to push the cittern aside, in terms of popularity and distribution. Apart from in Germany and Switzerland, where citterns were still bei ng commonly made and played, they generally stopped being used across Europe.Stefan Sobell, an English luthier, has, since the seventies, been making instruments that he calls ‘citterns’. This is essentially an octave mandolin but with five courses â€" again suggesting that the distinction between the mandolin and the cittern is not so rigid.Check out how to learn the ukulele too! 'The Duel', by Cornelis Saftleven - featuring the citternSome Famous Cittern Performers.Well, okay, maybe ‘famous’ is pushing it a little; as in the world of the lute and other string instruments, no-one is exactly famous in the world of the cittern.However, it is good to know that there are some citternists out there from whom you can draw some inspiration. Because that, really, is what folk music is all about: listening to other composers and players of traditional music and developing it in a way that suits your taste.So, let’s look at two citternists who can show you a bit about how this instrument is played. And yes, whilst famous is a push, these guys may well be considered rockstars in the world of the cittern.Ale Carr.Let’s start with Ale Carr, the cittern player with the Denmark-based band Dreamers’ Circus. These guys play awesome classical-inspired folk music, combining Carr’s cittern and a fiddle.Carr shows you what contemporary cittern-playing can be â€" and t he tunes he plays on his five-course (ten-string) cittern are really incredible.You can find some solo performances on YouTube. Otherwise, you can find him on the folk circuit across Europe and beyond.Gregory Doc Rossi.Meanwhile, Gregory Doc Rossi is something of the boss of traditional cittern music. As something of a specialist in the cittern, he has established the Cittern Society â€" an organisation that promotes cittern music â€" he has given lectures and research on the history of the cittern, and he has recorded music from forgotten manuscripts of scores for cittern.Regarded as something of an expert of the cittern, he performs all over the world on this string instrument.How to Play the Cittern.The cittern is traditionally plucked with the fingers â€" as opposed to the mandolin, for which a plectrum or a quill was traditionally used.However, these days, it is common to use a plectrum â€" as both Rossi and Carr do.Whilst anyone with knowledge of the classical or acoustic guit ar would be able to play a cittern, the primary â€" and not insubstantial â€" difference is in the cittern’s courses. This means that with every note that you fret, you are required to actually fret two strings simultaneously. Whilst this is a bit tough on the fingers at first, you will soon get used to it.On the other end of the instrument, however, you have to be able to pluck both strings simultaneously too. This is why the plectrum has become a bit more popular than fingerpicking on the cittern.Whilst picking, it is crucial that you engage both of the strings, otherwise your tone will be affected. If only one string sounds, you won’t get as much volume or as much depth of tone. Learn all of these amazing string instruments.How to Tune a Cittern?As citterns are traditional instruments, there is no single standard tuning that is used. Rather, there are as many as is convenient for you.We get that this does not provide a huge amount of guidance! However, many citternists use one of the following tunings:CGDADDGDADDADADIf you have a four-course cittern, traditional tunings areBGDEAGDEWhere to Find Cittern Lessons.A good teacher is always a gift when you are starting out on a new instrument. And even if you are a guitarist with a good technique nailed, teachers can be useful for all sorts of other things too: for providing you with repertoire or inspiration, general advice, or jamming practice.And whilst there is not a whole load of cittern tutors out there, there are some. Let’s take a look.Find a Private Cittern Tutor on Superprof.One way to find someone to help you to learn the cittern would be through Superprof, a platform that connects students to tutors worldwide.We have hundreds of different tutors of the mandolin, the lute, the cittern, and a whole raft of other string instruments across the world.All you need to do is get in touch. So, search for a cittern tutor near you and get started!Online Resources.You can find plenty of resources to help you in your quest to master the cittern online too. From YouTube to music forums, there are so many people out there who can talk you through the basics.Check out how to learn the banjo too!

A College Students Guide to Applying to Grad School

A College Student's Guide to Applying to Grad School For some college students, the eventual completion of their four-year degree signifies not a sigh of relief or an entry-level position with a company, but instead more school! For these individuals, applying to an advanced degree program contains its own unique set of challenges and expectations. If you are one of these students, here are three tips to help you along your path to graduate school. 1. Examine your decision to attend graduate school then examine it again Pursuing a graduate degree upon completion of your Bachelors is not an inherently poor choice. It is, however, a decision that can prompt a surprising number of negative reactions from family, friends, and professors. While the majority of these responses will ultimately be of little consequence to you, two are valid. First, does your intended field of study prefer its applicants to possess real world experience? Certain programs, such as business management and creative writing, feel professional expertise and time outside the college bubble can deepen the impact and success of their curricula. In some instances, this is a suggestionin others, a requirement. Second, are you prepared to devote an additional two to seven years to academia? Both a Masters and a Doctorate degree require intense devotion to a given subject. Do you have the necessary drive and focus immediately following four years of college? Or would a gap year do you well? You may also want to take a look at this information to determine if grad school is the right option for you. 2. Develop a schedule that balances your various graduate and undergraduate commitments If you are still confident in your decision to attend graduate school, congratulations! Young graduate students often lend enthusiasm and a uniqueness of perspective to their programs. Note, however, that the application process can be grueling. Organization and time management are imperative for success. Here are the best classes for grad school admissionsthat you may want to take a look at as well. Typically, graduate school applications are due late in the fall semester or at the start of the spring semester. If possible, schedule difficult undergraduate classes in the latter half of the yearor, if you decide upon graduate school as a junior, complete them then. Designate one or two days per week to create and polish your personal statement, resume, etc. Adhere to this arrangement. A graduate school is unlikely to accept you if your grades plummet as a result of your application preparation, so give equal focus to your undergraduate commitments to avoid this predicament. These are some great tips on how to write an application essay for grad school. 3. Establish and abide by important wellness measures It is very likely that your senior year of college will be a stressful one. For the majority of prospective graduate students, this potential reality is well worth weathering. Walking at graduation can be especially meaningful with an acceptance letter in hand, as well as the comfort of a clear future. To minimize the effects of stress, eat well and maintain a consistent sleep schedule. Do not allow yourself to work late into the night on an application or assignmentthe quality of your effort is liable to be poor, as a result. Instead, arrange meals with friends. Socializing is excellent for your state of mind. Reserve weekends or other periods of time for recreation you enjoy. See a film or sporting event, or visit a new city. And exercise often. Physical exertion sharpens your senses and relieves tension. Best of luck with your applications!

Changes Likely For NCLB

Changes Likely For NCLB Earlier this year, the Obama administration discussed plans to change the No Child Left Behind act with the media. Journalists and education administrators alike thought Obama was bluffing, trying to create action in policy makers. It was no bluff. The Obama administration asked Congress to rewrite the No Child Left Behind law on Monday, March 14, in an effort to accelerate its public education overhaul, one of Obamas major goals, according to an article in the Washington Post. The Obama administration has been aggressively pursuing education reform and plans to have the new version of No Child Left Behind law implemented by the fall of 2012. I want every child in this country to head back to school in the fall knowing that their education is Americas priority, Obama said in a speech at Kenmore Middle School in Arlington, Virginia. Lets seize this education moment. Lets fix No Child Left Behind. Education Secretary Arne Duncans announcement that 82 % of public schools could be labeled failing in 2011 up 37% from 2010 sparked this action. But, some education experts believe that Duncans numbers are inflated. However, lawmakers may not have enough time to change this bill before next fall. Other debates such as merit-based teacher salaries, teacher tenure and public vouchers for students to attend private schools could further complicate the process. With his changes, Obama plans to take most of the federal oversight out of average- and well-performing public schools but then use aggressive measures and oversight to fix underachieving schools. The original bill was created in 2002 by former President George W. Bush to addresses school performance ratings, standardized testing, teacher quality, academic standards and equity for lower-income students. Currently, the No Child Left Behind law requires schools to test their students every year in reading and math, measuring their progress in closing achievement gaps. Schools that do not test well can face penalties as strict as a state takeover. Lawmakers have been meeting for over a year to reach a bipartisan agreement for this bill. Obama met with House and Senate education leaders in mid-March. Changing the original No Child Left Behind Law was first debated in 2007; however, Congress took no action then.

Get Instant Solutions with a Click - Online Tutoring At Your Door Step

Get Instant Solutions with a Click - Online Tutoring At Your Door Step 0SHARESShare It is not that all can be achieved by self help in this current educational set up. Other help like that of online is necessary for comfort, convenience, strong subject knowledge and hassle free learning. How can you gain help online in an instant manner to resolve the educational difficulties you come across in your academics? When do you need help? When you struggle with the new concepts of Math while entering  new grades and know no way out of the difficult situation When you get stuck up with an assignment topic and are not able to source out the material When you are not able to furnish an academic essay as per the  prescribed deadlines and guidelines When you face problems in doing Physics concepts or Chemistry equations When you break your mind over a project in Science or a prep for a Science Fair You get instant solutions like- Online homework help for all subjects and for   Math  with its specific help like Geometry help Assignment help for all topics be it Probability or Basic Accounting help Writing help or Reading help as per your needs and demands Unlimited supply of materials for your science doubts, queries and choice of topics Tutor Pace. Com provides online solutions for all the educational problems faced by the students. [starbox id=admin]

Fluid Dynamics

Fluid Dynamics Fluid Dynamics Physics is the branch of Science that explains us all about matter and energy. This is an important branch as our everyday life includes physical activities which knowingly or unknowingly incorporate the applications of physics. Fluid Mechanics is the branch of Physics which deals with the study of fluids at rest or in motion, and also explains the behavior of fluids with solids and with other fluids. Fluid Mechanics is further divided into 2 important branches known as Fluid Statics and Fluid Dynamics. The branch of Fluid Mechanics which studies about the behavior of fluids at rest is known as Fluid Statics, and the branch that studies the behavior of fluids in motion is known as Fluid Dynamics. This study involves concepts from various sections such as: a) Hydrodynamics: The study of motion of fluids that can usually be approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, or gases at low speeds) is known as Hydrodynamics. Hydraulics comes under this section where liquid flow in pipes and open channels are studied. b) Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of gases over objects such as automobiles, aircrafts, or rockets at high or low speeds is known as Aerodynamics. c) Gas Dynamics: The study of the flow of fluids that involves changes in fluid density is known as Gas Dynamics. d) Meteorology, Hydrology and Oceanography involve the study of flow of the fluids that occur in the atmosphere, on Earth or in the oceans and seas. What is a Fluid? Fluids are substances that deform continuously (have no fixed shape) under the influence of external pressure. Since liquids and gases have such a property of deforming or changing shape even by the slight application of pressure, they are known as Fluids. Therefore fluids are classified as the substances that are in the liquid or in the gas phase. Some of the common terms used in the study of the fluids are given below: i) Stress: This is defined as the Force per unit Area. Stress is also referred to as Pressure. The maximum amount of stress a material can tolerate before it breaks is known as the breaking stress. Stress = Force/ cross-sectional Area = F/A The standard unit of Force is taken as Newton (N) and Area in m2 and hence Stress is measured in N/m2 or Pascal (Pa). ii) Normal Stress: The normal or perpendicular component of force acting on the surface of the substance is known as the Normal Stress. iii) Shear Stress: The tangential component of force acting on the surface of the substance is known as the Shear Stress. This implies that here the force acting on the substance is parallel to the surface of the substance. The fluids at rest have zero shear stress, and therefore only normal stress is considered in this case. Properties of Fluids: a) In liquids, molecules move relative to each other but the volume remains constant. This is because of the strong cohesive forces present in between the liquid molecules. Due to this property of liquids, they take up the shape of whichever container they are placed in. For instance, if a liquid is placed in a regular bottle, it takes up the shape of the bottle. If the same liquid is poured into a huge vessel, it takes up the shape of the vessel. b) Unlike liquids, gases do not have the property to take up the shape of the container. Due to weaker cohesive forces in between the gas molecules, they occupy the entire available space. Gases have the property to spread and expand, until they encounter the walls of the container. c) Liquids have the property of forming a free surface when placed in a large open container, as shown in the figure below. d) Unlike liquids, gases do not form a free surface when placed in an open container. They have the tendency to expand and thus occupy the entire available space. e) The molecules in a solid are tightly packed together and are arranged in a pattern thus forming a rigid shape as shown in the figure above. The liquid molecules are not as tightly packed as solids. Liquids molecules have the opportunity to translate (move in straight directions) or rotate. f) Unlike both solids and liquids, the gas molecules are usually placed far apart from each other and therefore gases do not have any shape. Due to this property, gas molecules do not have any pattern or ordering in between the molecules. The study of Fluid Dynamics is applied in various fields such as: Power plants, Boats and ships, Aircrafts and rockets, human body, automobiles, wind turbines, Plumbing system, industrial applications, natural flows and weather updates etc. Types of Fluid Flows: 1) Viscous Flow: The continuous steady flow of fluids, where the effects of friction are significant. 2) Inviscid Flow: This is the type of flow considered for an ideal fluid in which no friction is considered. Viscosity is the measure of a fluids resistance to flow. An inviscid flow is considered to have no viscosity. 3) External flow: This is the flow of a fluid over any substance where the flow is not bounded by any material. 4) Internal flow: The flow of a fluid when bounded by some kind of material is known as the internal flow. The flow of fluids through pipes, ducts or any solid material is an example of internal flow. 5) Incompressible flow: If there are no significant changes in the density of the flowing fluid, then such a flow is known as the Incompressible flow. This implies that the density of the flowing fluid remains nearly constant though out its motion. Example of an incompressible flow is the liquid flow. 6) Compressible flow: If there are significant changes in the density of the flowing fluid, then such as flow is known as the Compressible flow. Compressible flows are usually observed to be flows with high-speed. Example of a compressible flow is the flow of high speed gases. Mach Number: This is a quantity which represents the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of the sound of that medium. Mach number is a dimensionless quantity and is extremely useful to analyze compressible flow in rockets, space crafts and various other systems that involve high speed gas flow. Mach Number (Ma) = Speed of flow / Speed of sound = V/c 7) Forced flow: When a fluid is forced to flow over a surface or through any pipe using external means such as a pump, or a fan etc, then such a flow is known as the Forced flow. 8) Natural flow: When there is fluid motion due to natural causes such as buoyancy etc, then that flow is known as the natural flow. The flow in pipes can be divided into 3 categories: i) Laminar Flow: This type of flow is an ordered fluid flow which is characterized by smooth layers of the fluid. This flow can be generally observed in small pipes where in the velocity of the flow is less. Example: Highly viscous fluids such as oils, honey etc at low velocities typically move in laminar flow. ii) Turbulent flow: The fluid motion that usually occurs at high velocities and which is characterized by velocity changes is known as the Turbulent flow. Example: Fluids having low viscosity such as air when flowing at high velocities typically move in turbulent flow. iii) Transitional flow: The fluid motion in which both laminar flow and turbulent flow can be observed is known as the Transitional flow. Bernoullis Principle: Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician and physicist has stated the principle describing the behavior of the flowing fluids. According to the Bernoullis principle, in the regions where the fluid pressure is lowered the fluid flows velocity is increased. Conversely, if the fluid pressure in a region is increased, then the fluid flows velocity decreases. This defines the inverse relationship between pressure and the flow velocity of a fluid. Bernoullis principle is a statement which comes as a consequence of the Conservation of Energy. The Bernoullis equation is given as follows: P1 + 1/2v12 + gh1 = P2 + 1/2v22 + gh2 This equation can also be written in short as: P + 1/2v2 + gh = constant Here, P = Pressure (pronounced as rho) = density v = velocity of the fluid flow g = acceleration due to gravity h = elevation Some of the applications of Bernoullis Principle are: Bernoullis principle is most importantly observed in the structure of an airplane. The wings of an air plane are constructed in such a way that it regulates the air on the bottom of the wing. This is achieved by constructing the top of the wing little curved, keeping the bottom of the wing flat. During an air flight, air blows concurrently across both top and the bottom of the wing. But because of the curved top part, the air on the bottom side of the wing moves slowly. According to Bernoullis principle, lower velocity of a fluid creates higher pressure. Therefore higher pressure is exerted at the bottom of the wing, whereas due to greater air velocity at the top of the wing lower pressure is generated on top. The higher pressure at the bottom of the wing helps create the lift for the airplane and allows the plane to fly. Bernoullis principle is used while sailing. It is not always true that the wind drags along the sailing boat in the sea. Many times the boat does not travel in the direction of the wind. In those situations Bernoullis principle is applied wherein just like airplanes, this principle is used in the construction of a sail boat. A sail boat has the keel constructed at its bottom so that maximum air flow is achieved by the low pressure created by the sail and this increases the speed due to which it lets the sailboat travel in the direction it has to. Bernoullis principle can be used to understand why a person is pulled towards a fast train moving towards him. A fast moving train creates a low pressure in between the person and the train, however the pressure on the other side of the person is greater. This greater pressure on the other side of the person is responsible for pushing the person towards the train. Hence it is highly suggested for people to keep a distance from an approaching train. Pascals Law: Blaise Pascal was a French scientist and he has put forward the Pascals law which states that in an enclosed fluid at rest, whenever there is an increase in pressure at any point in that fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the fluid. This implies that an external pressure in an enclosed fluid in a container transmits equal pressure throughout the fluid in the container. Hydraulic systems are best examples of how Pascals law is applied in the real world. In a hydraulic system, pressure applied on one piston exerts equal amount of pressure on the other piston as well. Now we know that Pressure is defined as the force per unit of the cross-section area. Pressure = Force/ Area == P = F/A. This also gives us that: F = P * A Here we can observe if the pressure is kept constant, then the Force applied is directly proportional to the Area. Now, in a hydraulic system we know that the pressure exerted will be the same on both pistons due to the principle of Pascals law. Therefore, if the area of the second piston is 10 times larger than the first piston, then the force exerted on the second piston also becomes 10 times greater than the force on the first piston. So therefore just by applying a small amount of force on the first piston, the second piston having larger area experiences greater force due to which it can be used to lift heavy objects. The diagram below illustrates this principle. Story of Archimedes and the Archimedes Principle: Archimedes was an ancient Greek mathematician, and he is most famously known for stating the principle about the objects immersed in a fluid. According to Vitrivius (a Roman author), a golden crown for a temple had been made for the ruling King Hiero II. With no trust on the goldsmith, Archimedes was asked to investigate whether the crown was made of pure gold or whether any silver has been substituted by the goldsmith. Since the crown was to be offered to the Gods, Archimedes could not melt it or damage it any way in order to solve the problem. Vitrivius described that one day when Archimedes got into a bath tub as usual for a regular bath, he observed that the more his body sank into the water, more the water level rose in the tub. He then immediately realized that this effect can be used in order to determine whether the golden crown was indeed made of gold or not. Solution to the Crown Problem: Archimedes filled a large vessel with water to the very top and dropped a silver mass into it. The amount of water that overflowed was equal in volume to that of the mass of the silver that sunk into the vessel. Archimedes now refilled the vessel with water and this time he dropped a mass of gold into the vessel. He observed the amount of water that overflowed this time (since gold is denser that silver, the same weight of gold takes up less amount of volume). After refilling the vessel once again, Archimedes finally took the crown and dropped it into the vessel. He observed that more amount of water overflowed for the crown, than the amount of water that was overflown for the mass of gold. This implied that silver was added into the crown due to which the crown was less dense than that of just gold. It is said that Archimedes was so excited about this discovery that he forgot to even dress, and simple ran out of the tub naked to the streets crying Eureka! Eureka! (meaning I have fou nd it!). Therefore, Archimedes clearly proved that the goldsmith was dishonest in making the crown. Archimedes Principle: As a result of the above mentioned observation by Archimedes, the Archimedes Principle states that an object immersed in a fluid experiences a force known as the Buoyant Force, which is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Buoyant Force: Whenever a rigid object is partially or completely immersed in a fluid, then the object experience an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. This upward force is known as the Buoyant Force. This can be understood by observing that the object has occupied the space that initially was covered with the fluid. Fluid pressure generates a net upward force and since the object is now immersed, the same upward force now acts on the object. Equation of Buoyant Force can be written as: FB = fluid * Vsubmerged * g Here = density of the fluid V = volume of the submerged object g = acceleration due to gravity The principle of buoyancy helps us understand how objects like boats, ships etc can float in water.

Ask a Law School Admissions Expert Andrea Kilpatrick

Ask a Law School Admissions Expert Andrea Kilpatrick Varsity Tutors brings you insider tips and advice straight from nationally recognized admissions experts. Andrea Kilpatrick is the Director of Law Admissions at Admit Advantage, a leading admissions consulting company that provides admissions assistance for college, MBA, and law school applicants. She received her Bachelors degree from Princeton University, a Masters of Education degree from the University of Oxford, and a JD from HarvardLaw School. Andrea worked as a consultant with McKinsey Company for eight years and held a leadership role in the firms Nonprofit Practice for three of those years. She now lends her expertise in law school admissions to the Admit Advantage team. VT: How much time should be set aside to adequately prepare for and complete a Law School application? Andrea: The time dedicated to completing an application varies by student. For most applicants, we suggest beginning the process a couple of months ahead of their personal deadline to allow recommenders time to complete letters. The time a student must spend on an application depends on the specific law school. Some applications are longer than others and require more time. 60-80 hours is not unreasonable. VT: What is the single most important thing applicants should focus on with this application? Andrea: Applicants must determine how the sum total of their experiences and achievements can be crafted into a coherent and persuasive story that will move an admissions committee to accept. VT: What are the biggest mistakes one can make on a Law School application? Andrea: Telling an admissions committee why they should accept you as opposed to showing it. Admissions committees dont need an applicant to do their jobs for them, but they do need an applicant to include all the experiences, stories, and data for them to do an appropriate analysis. Sometimes, applicants fail to include important information because they dont feel it is relevant from a legal perspective. No one has been a lawyer before going to law school, so admissions committees are looking for evidence of potential success in unusual places. VT: What do Law School admissions officers look for most in an applicants essays/personal statements? Andrea: All law school essays must demonstrate exemplary persuasive writing skills. The content of the personal statement can and should vary by applicant. VT: Is there anything on a students application that would automatically disqualify them from being considered for the program? Andrea: Aside from lying, there are no disqualifying factors. Differences in grades or LSAT scores might dictate the tier of law school to which an applicant can apply, but there are no required majors or prerequisites. Even a legal record can be explained on a law school application. VT: What about the Law School admissions process differs the most from undergraduate admissions? Andrea: Law schools generally have a rolling admissions process. Applications are reviewed in the order they are received. Applying early improves an applicants chances. Therefore it is up to the candidate to complete an outstanding application in the quickest time possible. VT: What kinds of things (experience, grades, etc.) might a student lack that would lead you to advise them not to apply? Andrea: The decision to apply is a very personal one. If an applicants goal is to be admitted to an accredited law school, there arent many reasons not to apply outside of personal or financial ones. However, if a student aspires to attend a top tier law school, we may suggest that the applicant retake the LSAT, or consider additional experiences before applying if necessary. VT: Is there anything you might see on a students application that would quickly put them ahead in the running? Andrea: Every application is different. Good grades, good test scores, and attending a prestigious undergraduate institution help, but they are no guarantee. Admissions committees are looking for a well-rounded applicant and only a strong overall application indicates that. VT: What advice do you have regarding LSAT test prep? Andrea: If you can afford it, sign up for professional test prep. If not, practice on your own using previous tests lots of previous tests. You can learn to perform better on the LSAT through practice. VT: What do law school admissions officers look for in recommendation letters? Andrea: Admissions officers want to see that the recommender knows the applicant well. Getting a letter from a very prestigious recommender who doesnt know you well will not help an application. A recommender has to be able to speak to the candidates skills and character. The specific content of a recommendation letter depends on the candidate. We want to be sure the letter emphasizes those areas of strength that may not have been touched on elsewhere in the application. Visit Admit Advantage for more information. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of Varsity Tutors.